Re: Excellent
- From: --CELKO-- <jcelko212@xxxxxxxxxxxxx>
- Date: Wed, 16 Dec 2009 10:14:35 -0800 (PST)
No formatting, just calling a function within a stored procedure and wanted to give it a label. <<
NO, you are display formatting. If you were writing SQL, the dates
would be treated as an abstract data type. You are cutting them up
like 1950 COBOL fields in a record. And for no reason, as Erland
pointed out.
A label is the destination of a GOTO statement or the entry point for
a physical block of code in declarative languages. SQL does not have
labels. I think that you wanted a data element name for an
expression, but you don't know the right terms.
If you are stuck with DATETIME data types in vaguely named Table1, you
can use
SELECT CAST (G.something_start_date AS DATE)
CAST (G.something_close_date AS DATE),
H.* -- do not use * in production code
FROM Table1 AS G
LEFT OUTER JOIN
Table2 AS H
ON H.magical_universal_id = G.magical_universal_id
WHERE CAST (G.something_start_date AS DATE) > '2007-12-10';
Your root problem is that you do not know how a SELECT works in SQL.
Every year, we get 3-4 postings with this false mindset. Real
products will optimize things, but the code has to produce the same
results.
a) Start in the FROM clause and build a working table from all of the
joins, unions, intersections, and whatever other table constructors
are there. The <table expression> AS <correlation name> option allows
you give a name to this working table which you then have to use for
the rest of the containing query.
b) Go to the WHERE clause and remove rows that do not pass criteria;
that is, that do not test to TRUE (i.e. reject UNKNOWN and FALSE).
The WHERE clause is applied to the working set in the FROM clause.
c) Go to the optional GROUP BY clause, partiton the original table
into groups and reduce each grouping to a *single* row, replacing the
original working table with the new grouped table. The rows of a
grouped table must be only group characteristics: (1) a grouping
column (2) a statistic about the group (i.e. aggregate functions) (3)
a function or constant(4) an expression made up of only those three
items. The original table no longer exists and you cannot reference
anything in it (this was an error in early Sybase products).
d) Go to the optional HAVING clause and apply it against the grouped
working table; if there was no GROUP BY clause, treat the entire table
as one group.
e) Go to the SELECT clause and construct the expressions in the list.
This means that the scalar subqueries, function calls and expressions
in the SELECT are done after all the other clauses are done. The AS
operator can also give names to expressions in the SELECT list. These
new names come into existence all at once, but after the WHERE clause,
GROUP BY clause and HAVING clause have been executed; you cannot use
them in the SELECT list or the WHERE clause for that reason.
If there is a SELECT DISTINCT, then redundant duplicate rows are
removed. For purposes of defining a duplicate row, NULLs are treated
as matching (just like in the GROUP BY).
f) Nested query expressions follow the usual scoping rules you would
expect from a block structured language like C, Pascal, Algol, etc.
Namely, the innermost queries can reference columns and tables in the
queries in which they are contained.
g) The ORDER BY clause is part of a cursor, not a query. The result
set is passed to the cursor, which can only see the names in the
SELECT clause list, and the sorting is done there. The ORDER BY
clause cannot have expression in it, or references to other columns
because the result set has been converted into a sequential file
structure and that is what is being sorted.
As you can see, things happen "all at once" in SQL, not "from left to
right" as they would in a sequential file/procedural language model.
In those languages, these two statements produce different results:
READ (a, b, c) FROM File_X;
READ (c, a, b) FROM File_X;
while these two statements return the same data:
SELECT a, b, c FROM Table_X;
SELECT c, a, b FROM Table_X;
Think about what a confused mess this statement is in the SQL model.
SELECT f(c2) AS c1, f(c1) AS c2 FROM Foobar;
That is why such nonsense is illegal syntax.
.
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